Un giorno esisterà la fanciulla e la donna,
il cui nome non significherà più soltanto un contrapposto al maschile,
ma qualcosa per sé,
qualcosa per cui non si penserà a completamento e confine,
ma solo a vita reale: l’umanità femminile.
Questo progresso trasformerà l’esperienza dell’amore,
che ora è piena d’errore,
la muterà dal fondo,
la riplasmerà in una relazione da essere umano a essere umano,
non più da maschio a femmina.
E questo più umano amore somiglierà a quello che noi faticosamente prepariamo,
all’amore che in questo consiste,
che due solitudini si custodiscano, delimitino e salutino a vicenda.
Rilke Rainer Maria. – Poeta boemo di lingua tedesca (Praga 1875 – Muzot, Svizzera, 1926). Indirizzato dal padre alla carriera delle armi, tradizionale nella famiglia, a 16 anni abbandonò l’accademia militare. Passando da Linz a Praga, di qui ancora a Monaco e a Berlino, fece studî irregolari. La certezza di una vocazione poetica gli venne a Monaco, dove fu nel 1896 e dove conobbe Lou Andreas-Salomé, di 14 anni più anziana, legandosi a lei in un singolare rapporto affettivo. Determinanti per lo sviluppo della sua personalità furono le esperienze di viaggio in Toscana (Florenzer Tagebuch, 1898) e soprattutto in Russia (1898 e 1899), dove fu ricevuto dal vecchio Tolstoj. La sensibilità per le arti figurative spinse R. a vivere per due anni (1900-02) a Worpswede, villaggio di artisti nei pressi di Brema, dove si unì in matrimonio di breve durata alla scultrice Clara Westhoff, allieva di Rodin. Dal 1903 R., che non aveva ancora avuto una stabile residenza, trovò a Parigi una specie di patria, e in Rodin un interlocutore privilegiato e un modello per la sua ricerca formale. Ma anche durante gli anni parigini continuò la serie dei suoi viaggi per tutta l’Europa e anche in Africa; tra l’altro a Roma (1903-04) e al castello di Duino presso Trieste (1911-12), dove fu ospite della principessa von Thurn und Taxis. Allo scoppio della guerra nel 1914, fu trattenuto in Germania, dove prestò servizio, a Monaco, in un ufficio di estrema retrovia. Finita la guerra, distrutto in Europa, dall’Austria alla Russia, il mondo in cui aveva posto fiducia, R. si stabilì, dopo un nuovo e più breve soggiorno a Parigi, nel piccolo castello alpino di Muzot, nel Vallese, ospite di un nuovo mecenate. Gli ultimi anni furono molto penosi, a causa del rapido declino fisico; morì di leucemia, all’età di 51 anni. ▭ R. fu narratore squisito (Am Leben hin, 1898; Zwei Prager Geschichten, 1899; Die Letzten, 1902) e si cimentò anche nel teatro, recependo suggestioni naturalistiche (Ohne Gegenwart, 1898; Das tägliche Leben, 1902). Ma fu soprattutto, o forse esclusivamente, un lirico, fra i più significativi e fra i più fortunati del secolo. Già le sue prime esperienze poetiche sono caratterizzate da musicalità malinconica (Leben und Lieder, 1894; Wegwarten, 1895-96; Larenopfer, 1896), tentativo anche di un ancoraggio alle tradizioni della città natale, che però, per lui di radice e cultura tedesca, non fu mai interamente sua. Traumgekrönt (1897) e Advent (1898) preludono a Mir zur Feier (1899), in cui per la prima volta emerge la tematica dell’angelo, centro di una religiosità sofferta e ben presto discosta da ogni confessionalità. È di quello stesso anno, anche se pubblicato solo nel 1906, il volumetto in prosa lirica Die Weise von Liebe und Tod des Cornets Christoph Rilke, serie di rapide impressioni su cui corre, con languore neoromantico, una struggente nostalgia di vita sospinta verso la meta di una prematura dissoluzione. Intanto nel 1902 uscì Das Buch der Bilder, raccolta di liriche di ricca suggestione figurativa, dettata dall’esperienza di Worpswede, e nel 1905 Das Stundenbuch, libro di meditazioni religiose, testimonianza di una sete di Dio ricercato sotto ogni forma e presso ogni creatura, primo capolavoro di R. per carica concettuale e per rigoglio stilistico. Nei Neue Gedichte (2 voll., 1907-08) R. assorbì la lezione di Rodin, affidandosi alla lirica per attingere quella che egli definiva “visibile inferiorità delle cose”, plastificando in un linguaggio di ricercata semplicità una sfera che di continuo sfiora l’ineffabile. Un momentaneo ritorno alla prosa si ebbe col romanzo Die Aufzeichnungen des Malte Laurids Brigge (1910), nel cui giovane protagonista, poeta e nobile, si riflette l’esasperata sensibilità fisica e spirituale dell’autore. Passarono varî anni prima che R. tornasse a pubblicare; ma quando lo fece, nel 1923, diede insieme, in una sintomatica polarizzazione, le sue prove più organicamente coordinate, le Duineser Elegien e Die Sonette an Orpheus. Le 10 Elegien, concepite e scritte, con ampî intermezzi, lungo l’arco di oltre 10 anni, ripropongono ed esaltano la tematica dell’angelo e, per suo tramite, una nuova mistica cosmica, che ignora Dio ma non il divino, pervasa da un’aspirazione non sempre tutta espressa ed esprimibile verso l’unità dell’essere germinale, tanto più urgente per quanto più funesta si è fatta, con gli sconvolgimenti intervenuti e con quelli incombenti, l’età presente. I Sonette, in integrazione e insieme in contrapposizione alle Elegien, cantano la gioia della contemplazione poetica in un’epoca impoetica, espressione di un simbolismo decadentistico giunto, nel momento stesso in cui si esalta, alla sua estenuazione.
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